Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil Essay Example

Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil Paper With 45 000 enormous dams all through the world, plainly dams have made a urgent help to human turn of events, and the focal points got from them have been noteworthy. Like all improvement choices, evaluations on dams and their options must think about a tremendous scope of prerequisites, desires, points and controls. Dams have the two expenses and advantages, making these expenses and advantages balance is an exceedingly fragile errand. In a few cases an improper and frequently pointless expense has been made to accomplish those advantages, especially in social and ecological terms; the Tucurui Dam in Brazil being one of these cases. The Tucurui Dam is arranged on the lower Tocantins River inside the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin neighboring the Amazon bowl in north-eastern Brazil. The complex was developed with the main goal of delivering hydropower, with the auxiliary objective of providing a safe waterway course being presented later. The total expense of Tucurui was US $7. 5 billion, this absolute showing a 77% cost invade. The individuals of Pari State apparent a relationship among hydropower and transportation as an opportunity to invigorate the nearby economy. One must note that in a general sense, the social and political receptivity to the Tucurui hydropower complex at the local level laid on the possibility of connecting the two segments. Be that as it may, local people are yet to see this possibility in real life. The development of the locks was limped by a deficiency of subsidizing, and came to a standstill in 1989, the rest of the parts for the lock framework were supposed to be finished with Phase II of the venture. However vulnerability stands around over Phase II development plan, with connection to the structure of the locks. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Furthermore, despite the fact that the networks around the region of the complex foreseen that the undertaking would animate the improvement of the area, incredibly they didn't get power from the task until 1997, when, just as an outcome of extraordinary weight from neighborhood gatherings, a stage down substation was built to provide food for local people. Then again, on a more extensive scale hydropower now represents 90% of the absolute force utilization in Brazil with Greenhouse Gas outflows lower contrasted with the emanations from elective wellsprings of power age from Tucurui ; diesel, substantial oil and coal, along these lines in this lies an advantage for the earth. Then again, the establishment of intensity creation empowered Tucurui to supplant thermo-power plants in the North east which were providing capacity to the ventures in Beli m at a more noteworthy expense. In 1998 with the incorporation toward the South/South east System by means of the Tucurui - Serra da Mesa power line, power was offered to South east Brazil; the most recognized economy in the nation. Besides, the development of the Tucurui hydropower complex was an indispensable component in the territorial and national approaches impacting the globalization procedure of Brazil. With a positive financial condition and sponsored inputs the state mining organization, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, had the option to develop into one of the universes significant iron metal makers. Moreover, the arrangement of serious sponsored power provided motivating forces for the movement of vitality escalated ventures from creating nations troubled with extremely high vitality costs into Brazil. Then again, the globalization procedure is featured in this part with the inclusion of trans-national enterprises from the major financial fortifications of the United States and Japan. However essentially, in spite of the fact that gains for predominant businesses were set up, there was a nonappearance of far reaching positive outcomes that had been anticipated for the national and provincial economies; as ever with globalization the prizes are concentrated to a minor get together who are usually outsiders. Moreover, in any event, when there was some territorial improvement it was disengaged to enclaves encompassing metallurgical enterprises. Weights from its worldwide partners made Brazil offer lenient gestures, particularly regarding reasonable vitality costs, seriously influencing monetary benefits at the national level, with inconsequential or no arrival for the area. It appears to be in this manner that in any event, when parts of the economy have profited by the undertaking it is restricted to or dependant on remote enterprises, in this way there are benefits yet at the expense of monetary defenselessness. Before the task was built resource agribusiness was the predominant methods for endurance for networks. Angling was likewise pervasive in the locale before the raising of the dam, with an expected catch of 1,534 tons/year, anyway get information shows that the task implied that the region saw a 29% decay, with a decrease from 173 to 123 fish species. Not exclusively were occupations put in danger by the demise of species brought about by various reasons, the head being water quality because of euthropication, however it is another case of the most luxuriously invested and generally particular on the globe being pulverized for slight financial increases in an inconsistent exchanging framework. The task included submersion of 2,850 km2 of land including enormous zones of rainforest for the supply. It must be noticed that a Wildlife Working Group was set up to set up a Wildlife Development Inventory Plan, this was the most broad and the most expensive natural life salvage did in Amazonia with an all out venture of US $30. Alternately, the segment impacts of the venture were profoundly huge, with the possibility of picking up development or related business drawing in tremendous floods of transients increasing the number of inhabitants in the prompt region six-overlay. In any case, this seriously stressed the framework of the locale and brought about the development of favelas, which advance sick wellbeing, wrongdoing and destitution. During the resettlement procedure, more than 14,000 individuals some time ago inhabitant in the zones immersed by the store were moved, this resettlement procedure happened exceedingly late and in a bound manner with no idea given to the employment examples of the families. This oversight was not any more clear than when riverbank networks were put inland and the extractive networks were settled in lands requiring cultivating in the connecting territories. In like manner, thought for remuneration disregarded the measure of work put resources into the land, just as the social rationale, and social and authentic condition of nearby networks. One must note that the neighborhood wellbeing effects of developing the Tucurui Hydropower Complex are eminent and negative. The absence of clean foundation, safe drinking water and the utilization of smirch pots to redirect mosquitoes made them presented to ailments, for example, jungle fever, loose bowels, verminoses and respiratory issues. This combined with the development in populace brought about by the inflow of foreigners, brought about a stamped upsurge in the event of vector transmitted sicknesses, for example, jungle fever, schistosomiasis, just as modern mishaps, liquor addiction, explicitly transmitted ailments and AIDS. In 1980 during the development phase of the task the baby death rates for the Tucurui metropolitan locale was in excess of multiple times bigger than the remainder of Pari State and multiple times the newborn child death rate for the entirety of Brazil. Plainly the nearby populace paid the expense for the venture little ranchers, indigenous networks and riverbank inhabitants, homes, occupations and wellbeing were unfavorably influenced by the undertaking. It is additionally certain that that the undoubted advantages of the dam are not picked up inside Brazil yet by remote speculators. The venture was built notwithstanding local people starting expectations, to attempt to shape Brazil, with the goal that it is progressively serious on the world market, yet it has come about in is devastating the priceless condition, messing wellbeing up a has dislodged local people into unseemly territories. Incidentally, it appears that the plan brought about Brazil getting very helpless against trans-national organizations with for the most part irrelevant nearby benefit. Albeit one may contend this is the situation for all nations because of the undeniably worldwide nature of world exchange it is progressively evident in creating nations, for example, Brazil, who don't have as more grounded inner enterprises as the created nations do, for example, Japan,, accordingly implying that they are exceedingly dependent and subsequently increasingly defenseless against the choices of trans-national organizations. Taking everything into account, I accept that the plan was unjustified, in money related terms as well as in social and ecological terms as well. Dams adjust scenes and make dangers of permanent effects. The discussion about dams is a discussion concerning the very point and pathways for achieving all development and improvement. Like all advancement suggestions, except if dams endeavor to advance incorporated improvement activities for provincial regions, stress sustainable power source ventures (which the plan improved) the personal satisfaction for neighborhood networks, while taking into respect the way that the urban masses has simpler access to the upsides of these undertakings, at that point they will keep on showing a greater number of expenses than benefits.

Bond Yield Under Various Assumptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security Yield Under Various Assumptions - Essay Example By and by, the idea of the cost of a zero coupon bond enunciated in the PowerPoint slides and the idea of the current worth are comparable. One of the more significant ideas in bond valuation is term to development. Term to development â€Å"specifies the date or number of years before a bond develops (or expires)† (Reilly and Brown, 2002, p. 697). Another significant idea is the coupon of bond which â€Å"indicates the salary that the bond speculator will get over the life (or holding time) of the issue† of a bond (Reilly and Brown, 2002, p. 697). Other than ideas term to development and coupon of bond, the other significant ideas incorporate the head or the standard estimation of the security yet people in general is commonly acquainted with these ideas. II. Proportions of Bond Yield Under Various Assumptions (and models) There are at any rate five proportions of security yield. Each measure includes a series of expectations. 1. Respect Maturity (YTM) As called attent ion to by our PowerPoint slides, â€Å"Bond costs and loan fee risk†, the respect development or YTM â€Å"is the yield vowed to the bondholder if the security held up to development and all coupons are reinvested at the guaranteed yield† (Slide 17, â€Å"Bond costs and financing cost risk†). ... 214-215). Fabozzi (2008, p. 214) affirmed that respect development â€Å"is the loan cost that will make the current estimation of the income from a security equivalent to its market cost in addition to gathered interest.† Fabozzi (2008, p. 214) called attention to that â€Å"an iterative method is utilized to discover the loan cost that will make the current estimation of the incomes equivalent to the market cost in addition to accumulated interest.† Following the Fabozzi (2008, p. 214) model, assume a bond with a presumptive worth of $100 promising installments of 7% per annum payable semi-yearly or at regular intervals is being sold at $94.17. In view of the parameters characterized for the bond, the bond will gain for the bond purchaser the estimation of $3.50 at regular intervals in addition to $100 toward the finish of the multi year. Fabozzi (2008, p. 214) called attention to that when the markdown rate used to get the current estimation of the installments from the security is 3.5%, the current estimation of the security is $100.00. At the point when the rebate pace of 3.6% is utilized to decide the current estimation of installments from bond, the current estimation of the bond is $98.80. At the point when the rebate pace of 3.7% is utilized, the current estimation of the bond is $97.62. At the point when the rebate pace of 3.8% is utilized, the current estimation of the bond is $96.45. At the point when the rebate pace of 3.9% is utilized, the current estimation of the bond is $95.30. At last, when the markdown pace of 4.0% is utilized, the current estimation of the bond is $94.17. Subsequently, in light of these, Fabozzi (2008, p. 214) inferred that 4.0% is the cost of the security and â€Å"hence, 4.0% is the semi-yearly respect maturity.† All calculations originated from Fabozzi (2008). In this way, we can think about that the respect development or YTM of the bond as the premium really paid to the venture of $94.17 made by the purchaser of bond and the incomes of $3.50

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life :: Road Not Taken essays

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life   This sonnet by Robert Frost was first perused to me in the most recent year of my secondary school experience.  Back at that point, in addition to the fact that I had positively no enthusiasm for any scholarly work, however in addition, had no intension to lye there and break down a sonnet into its emblematic definitions.  Only currently have I been instructed the correct method to peruse an artistic work as a formalistic pundit would read.  With this new way to deal with writing I can comprehend the hidden importance to Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken.  notwithstanding simply getting a handle on the writer's intension, I had the option to evenhandedly cause that this sonnet, without straightforwardly referencing anything about existence's choices, is completely about simply that.         Robert Frost deciphered the vast majority of the choices we make in life into this twenty-line sonnet of a man picking which way to take in a yellow wood.  Everyday I settle on a choice to do a specific assignment, go for that specific stroll, or to sit at home and do totally nothing.  Being one individual, I can never know without a doubt what the specific result may be if I somehow managed to pick the other decision.  For example, I go for a restful stroll each night and I penance my opportunity to accomplish something else.  Although this may not generally record to me by and by, I do some of the time think what the other decision may have brought me.  And as a rule, I complete the errand with a liberating sensation, a moan maybe, that the decision I made went to be a very much made decision.  Though a great many people seldom investigate the penance of dynamic the manner in wh ich Robert Frost does, it is in fact an exceptionally analyzed way also comprehend a way less went by.         The principal refrain acquainted the peruser with the choice the creator would need to make.  Two streets separated in a yellow wood to me meant that the aftereffect of his choice would emerge from a similar starting point to which in my own life, I can reflect on.  And however he might want to have seen the result of the two ways, he realized he could just pick one.  And to enable him to conclude, he would look down the two decisions and see just until the street took a curve.

Introduction to Landscape Painting

Landscapes are works of art that feature scenes of nature. This includes mountains, lakes, gardens, rivers, and any scenic view. Landscapes can be oil paintings, watercolors, gauche, pastels, or prints of any kind. Painting the Scenery Derived from the Dutch word landschap, landscape paintings capture the natural world around us. We tend to think of this genre as majestic mountain scenes, gently rolling hills, and still water garden ponds. Yet, landscapes can depict any scenery and feature subjects within them such as buildings, animals, and people. While there is a traditional viewpoint of landscapes, over the years artists have turned to other settings. Cityscapes, for instance, are views of urban areas, seascapes capture the ocean, and  waterscapes feature freshwater such as the work of Monet on the Seine. Landscape as a Format In art, the word landscape has another definition. Landscape format refers to a picture plane that has a width which is greater than its height. Essentially, it is a piece of art in a horizontal rather than a vertical orientation. Landscape in this sense is indeed derived from landscape paintings. The horizontal format is much more conducive to capturing the wide vistas that artists hope to portray in their work. A vertical format, though used for some landscapes, tends to restrict the vantage point of the subject and may not have the same impact. Landscape Painting in History As popular as they may be today, landscapes are relatively new to the art world. Capturing the beauty of the natural world was not a priority in early art when the focus was on spiritual or historical subjects.   It was not until the 17th century that landscape painting began to emerge. Many art historians recognize that it was during this time that scenery became the subject itself and not just an element in the background. This included the work of French painters Claude Lorraine and Nicholas Poussin as well as Dutch artists like Jacob van Ruysdael. Landscape painting ranked fourth in the hierarchy of genres set up by the French Academy. History painting, portraiture, and genre painting were considered more important. The still life genre was considered less important. This new genre of painting took off, and by the 19th century, it had gained widespread popularity. It often romanticized the scenic views and came to dominate the subjects of paintings as artists attempted to capture what was around them for all to see. Landscapes also gave the first (and only) glimpse many people had of foreign lands. When the Impressionists emerged in the mid-1800s, landscapes began to be less realistic and literal. Though collectors will always enjoy realistic landscapes, artists like Monet, Renoir,  and Cezanne demonstrated a new view of the natural world. From there, landscape painting has thrived, and it is now one of the most popular genres among collectors. Artists have taken the landscape to a variety of places with new interpretations and many sticking with tradition. One thing is for sure; the landscape genre now dominates the landscape of the art world.

The Effects Of Divorce On Children s Mental Health And...

INTRODUCTION Children need intact families to flourish. It is hard to imagine that if the family is torn apart, a child can simply adjust to a new situation, home, step-parent, siblings, and entire change of life as they know it without suffering significant effects upon their mental health and development lacks. Despite voices that serve to minimize the effects of divorce on children, this paper will show that the negative effects upon their mental health and development are such that the best solution is to avoid divorce all together. According to Stinson and Jones, â€Å"well-being on the road to adulthood for both children and teens hinges on family relationships.† For the sake of discussion, let us agree that by family relationships, Stinson and Jones are referring to the traditional family relationships of two spouses committed to a lifelong, monogamous, heterosexual marriage and their children. Stinson and Jones say that children are dependent on these â€Å"families† for their well-being and successful transition to adulthood yet the traditional family is in serious danger. HOW BIG IS THE PROBLEM? Harvey and Fine say, in their book on the effects of divorce on children, that divorce has increased at a â€Å"contagious rate since 1980.† They argue that divorce in America is a â€Å"cultural burden of vast proportions,† and insist that the â€Å"pain extends beyond the persons who dissolve their relationships to children, parents, and dear friends.† Harvey and FineShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Divorce On Children s Socio Economic Success Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesOra Fudge English 1302.41430 Prof. Savage 4 Dec. 2016 Effects of Divorce on Children s Socio-Economic Success The family is the lowest unit within the social structure. Basically, a family consists of a couple and their children. Socially, a â€Å"full† family unit is respected while â€Å"one† units are stigmatized. In the past decade, an extensive literature has been developed in relation to the interplay between family structure, family change and child outcomes. In the developed world, marriage isRead MoreEssay about Depression and Anxiety in Persons with Divorced Parents1184 Words   |  5 PagesDivorced Parents In the recent years, divorce rates have been continually trending upwards (Reiter, Hjorleifsson, Breidablik, Meland, 2013). It is factual that children who have parents that have divorced typically face more obstacles in numerous aspects of life than children who have married parents. Children that experience divorce have up to a 300% increase in probability to be impacted by issues in mental wellbeing than their peers without an incident of divorce in their parental structure (ShifflettRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Child Development1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Child Development I met the love of my life in my financial accounting class. He was charming, and intelligent, and he carried himself well. Early into our relationship I realized underneath this assuring exterior, was a broken, unstable man. He had issues with trust, and he always took many health risks. He explained to me how hard it was for him to attach himself to people because he figured they would leave anyways. Nothing is forever. he seemed to believe. On topRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Health969 Words   |  4 Pages Long Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Children’s Health Chi Chang California State University, Fresno Long Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Children’s Health Not all married couples stay together. It is during such times as divorce that families are torn apart and children become the main victims. Children from families who have experienced divorce are more likely to suffer future health complications compared to those who have not. Studies examined their psychosocialRead MoreDivorce Is A Process That Many People Around The World Go Through990 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce is a process that many people around the world go through. Over the last couple of decades, the rate of marriages that end in divorce has been steadily increasing. There are numerous factors in which a marriage can fail and end up in divorce. The effects of divorce are immense; it permanently weakens the bond or relationship between a child and their parents. Some of the most common results that divorce has on children include the fact that children tend to blame themselves, there is aRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1343 Words   |  6 Pag esknow that the divorce rate in the United States hovers around fifty percent, including forty percent under the age of 21. In that fifty percent one of every six adults is likely to go through a divorce twice. Not only does divorce affect the adults involved, but forty percent of children in the United States will experience parental divorce (Portnoy, 2008). Children with divorced parents struggle with negative consequences emotionally, mentally, and academically compared to those children from intactRead MoreEffects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Mental Health2349 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Every year at least a million children are effected by divorce. Because the family is a developmental integral part of growing-up, parental divorce has shown to have negative short-term as well as long-term effects that often last into adulthood. Studies have highlighted the short and long-term impact, divorce has on children’s mental health. Anxiety, depression, and mental stress has been implicated as some of these far-reaching effects. Children of divorced parents are at increased riskRead MoreChildren Should Be Too Great For Their Parents886 Words   |  4 Pagesunable to deal with the emotional trauma that is brought about by the divorce, and they do not know whom to turn to because of the divorce, which makes them angry, depressed, and at times develop an aggressive nature (Brown, 2010). Research shows that children suffer emotional trauma in the event that there parents’ divorce. According to Steven Earll who is a licensed counselor and therapist, he states that; â€Å"Children (and adult children) have the attitude that their parents should be able to work throughRead MoreHow Parents Handle The Divorce934 Words   |  4 Pagesalso interesting to note, that the symptoms and feelings described above tend to be present regardless of how the parents handle the divorce. Research has shown that even when a divorce is friendly, children still experience the same things and respond in the same ways (Rappaport, 2013). These initial symptoms and reactions however, do tend to fade over time, as children adjust to their new lives (Rappaport, 2013). It is understandable to see the many reactions described above, due to the levels ofRead MoreEssay about Effects of divorce on elementary-school aged children1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn America, divorce rates are at an all time high. A divorce between the parents of elementary students can be devastating in a young child’s life. Divorce causes stress for children not only at home, but also at school. Children of divorced or separated parents often have to commute between houses. Not only do they have to deal with the pain of parents separating, they also may feel as if they caused their parent’s problems. Parental divorce has negative effects on children’s academic achievement

Tlc Lab Report - 1670 Words

Separating Substances: Identifying Food Dyes with TLC Background The color of food is an integral part of our culture and enjoyment of life. Who would deny the mouth-watering appeal of a deep-pink strawberry ice cream on a hot summers day or a golden Thanksgiving turkey garnished with fresh green parsley? Even early civilizations such as the Romans recognized that people eat with their eyes as well as their palates. Saffron and other spices were often used to provide a rich yellow color to various foods. Butter has been colored yellow as far back as the 1300s. Food color additives are dyes, pigments or substances that impart color when applied to a food, drug, cosmetic, or the human body. The Food and Drug Administration†¦show more content†¦Place 5 candy pieces of the same color into a small beaker. Pour enough acetic acid solution into each tube to just cover all of the candy pieces, around 5 mL. 2. Agitate the beaker carefully for about 30-45 seconds, or until the color comes off of the candy. Be careful to dissolve as little as possible of the white layer (sugar) under the colored layer and do not dissolve any of the chocolate. Immediately decant the colored solution into a clean test tube, trying not to transfer any of the sediment. Repeat with the other colors for which you are responsible. 3. Now you need to extract the dye from the solution onto the strips of yarn. To do this, place one piece of yarn into each test tube of colored solution. Heat the tubes in a boiling water bath for 8-10 minutes. You can remove the tubes from the water when the solution is milky-white and the yarn is the color of the dye, in other words, when all of the dye has been extracted from the solution. 4. Remove the dyed yarn from the solution and rinse it with distilled water. If you wish you may cut ~2 cms off each piece of yarn as a souvenir. Let these dry on a piece of paper, and you may take them away with you to keep ifShow MoreRelatedLab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs Essay examples1266 Words   |  6 PagesTLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs Introduction In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics: Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the spotting. Experiment Scheme Initially, sixteen capillary micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtainedRead MoreLab Report On Chromatography And Lab1206 Words   |  5 PagesChromatography and TLC of Spinach Group Experiment 3 – Individual Lab Report (Save as pdf and submit, due by 12:00 NOON one week after experiment) Last Name: Wang First Name: Zoey Lab Partner(s): Sue Wang TA Name: Sosthene Date Lab Performed: Nov. 12, 2015 Date Lab Submitted: Nov. 12, 2015 Group A, B, or C: B Comments for Grading TA: (Please indicate if you performed the lab on a day other than your regularly scheduled day and/or with a TA other than your regular TA). Page Limit: report must not exceedRead MoreExperiment 2a Adsorption Chromatography ( Tlc )1455 Words   |  6 PagesNAME: ____Amy Hua_______________________ Experiment 4a Adsorption Chromatography (TLC) Summary of Points for Experiment 4a: Item Possible Points Actual Points Pre-Lab 2 Notebook: N/A N/A Purpose/Table of Reagents 2 Corrections 2 Blank Spaces 2 Signatures 2 TLC data (4-in notebook) 8 Coherent 2 Conclusions (absent here) 1 Sub-Total = 21 multiply Sub-Total x 2= 42 Report: N/A N/A Introduction 2 Data and Calculations 8 Less Points-Missing Data N/A N/A Unknown Identity 10 Read MoreChemistry Experiment : Oxidation Of Borneol1607 Words   |  7 Pages Experiment 3: Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor By: Evan Holley Lab partner: Jeffrey Horton T.A.: Garret CHM2211L-008 07/12/2015 Introduction The overall goal in this lab was to oxidize borneol, a secondary alcohol, into camphor, which is a ketone. For the purposes of oxidation chromic acid was utilized, which was prepared by adding a 1:1 ratio of chromium trioxide to dilute sulfuric acid. The oxidation reaction occurs as a two-step reaction. The first step involves the formationRead MoreOrganic Chem 1 Post Lab Report Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesPost Lab Report Experiment 3 - Chromatography – Analyzing Analgesics by TLC and Isolation of ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œCarotene by Column Chromatography Chemicals 1. Acetaminophen (C8H9NO2) 2. Aspirin (C9H8O4) 3. Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) 4. Ibuprofen (C13hH18O2) Introduction In this experiment, several analgesics were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and the composition of an unknown tablet was identified. We define chromatography as the separation of two or more compounds or ions byRead MoreEssay about Organic Chemistry Ii Lab Report1715 Words   |  7 PagesTorres 1 Luis A. Torres Group #11 USC Chemistry 322b Formal Lab Report 6th November 2015 I. II. Enzymatic Resolution of 1-Phenylethanol and Diastereomer Analysis Objective/Abstract Enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed to study the resolution of diastereomers using 1H-NMR analysis. The stereo-selectivity of acylase I, an enzyme, for a 50:50 racemic mixture of 1-phenylethanol was determined. In the first of a two-step reaction, 1-phenylethanol was reacted with vinylRead MoreIdentification of Unknown Ketones Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages811 | 106 | 2-heptanone | 114.2 | 151 | .811 | 89 | 2-octanone | 128.2 | 173 | .819 | 58 | Reaction/Calculations: There were no reactions in this lab. Known ketones: 2-propanone 2-butanone 2-hexanone 2-heptanone 2-octanone Mass of unknown: .17g Melting Point of Unknown: 87 deg C TLC Slides: Rf Values: Unknown K = 3cm/6cm = .5 2-Propanone: 2.6cm/5.5cm = .47 2-Hexanone: 2.9cm/5.4cm = .53 2-Heptanone: 3.2cm/6.2cm = .51 Read MoreWhodunit: A Forensic Investigation1620 Words   |  7 PagesPike Date submitted: 9/26/2012 Lab Partner: Charles Stewart CHM1046L – sec#21 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate a crime scene. Given an evidence bag a number of tests were performed in order to determine who the suspect was. The experiments included a simple fiber burn test, iodine fuming to develop a finger print, and thin-layer chromatography to determine ink similarities. Procedure: No changes were made to the procedure in the lab manual. Dillon, Stephanie. WhodunitRead MoreSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a1000 Words   |  4 Pagespure acetylsalicylic acid. 5. Place the sealed end of the two tubes into the melting point apparatus as follows: your product on the left and pure acetylsalicylic acid on the right. You may need to share a melting point apparatus with another two lab partners. In this case, since there are only three sample slots in the apparatus, put the pure acetylsalicylic acid in the middle and use the two outside slots for the synthesized products. 6. Heat the apparatus rapidly to about 80 °C, then slowly heatRead MoreEssay about spirometry report953 Words   |  4 PagesSpirometry Lab Report: Name__________ Lab Section: 1 2 3 Lab Partner(s) _________________ Use your PowerPoint notes, lab book, text book, your data, and the Internet to answer the following questions. All reports must be typed and stapled. All reports must be in your own words. One student from each group should include the LabTutor-generated data tables and/or graphs. Exercise 1: Pulmonary

Minister of Pensions and National Insurance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance. Answer: Introduction: Firstly the common law agency test or the control test. According to the provisions of this test if an employer have the right to control the employee in a manner through the kind of work which was done by him but also the way in which the work was done by him he is an employee. This test was provided by the case of Yewens v Noake (1881) 6 QBD 530 where it was stated by the judge that A Servant is a person subject to the command of his master as to the manner in which he shall do his work." A more realistic approach has been developed towards determining employment in the case of Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343, in this case the test which was developed was known as the integration test. Through the application of this test employment is determined by analyzing whether the person is a primary part of the business are an integral part or only are secondary accessory to the business. The latest develop test in order to identify the status of employment is known as the multi factor test. As the name suggests the test is the combination of the above two tests. This test is a threefold test in order to determine employment. The test was used in the landmark case of Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497. The judge identified three factors which had to be considered in order to determine whether a person is an independent contractor or an employee. Firstly the person agrees to provide his own skills to the employer in exchange of remuneration or wages. Secondly there is agreement between the person and the employee that this services would be significantly controlled by the employer. Finally the other terms of the contract are in accordance with a contract of employment. In relation to the first requirement there has to be remuneration and wages in order to create a consideration for the contract. The own work and skill of the employee has to be provided to the employer. There must be no freedom to do the job by the employee himself or by some other person unless in a very limited circumstances if provided by the employer. A lot of room for interpretation is left by the multiple test in relation to the final condition where no fixed list of factors are provided which may be consistent or inconsistent. These factors are derived through the matter of common sense. In the case of Market Investigations Ltd v Minister for Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173 it had been provided by the Cooke J that the basic issue was to determine whether a person who had been appointed to carry in the services are doing so on the account of the business or his own account. In case it is provided that the person is doing it for the business and not his personal account the person in an employee. The case listed a few factors related to the contract of employment which are the extent of risk upon the worker, the extent of control of the employer on the worker, who is the owner of the equipment and tools, the way in which payment is made, obligations towards each other and the capacity of providing substitutes. The flexibility which is provided through the multi-factor test was also used in a successful way to determine the issue in the case of Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd [1960] UKPC 33. In this case it as found by the court that a sole owner (plaintiff) of the company was an employee as an incorporated company was a separate entity and had control over the way in which the plaintiff carried out his work. A notice of termination has to be provided not only through common law according to which an employee has to be provided with a notice period before he is terminated in order to find others mode of employment but also through the FWA section 117. According to the section an employer is not allowed to end the employment of an employee unless the employee is provided by the employer a written notice with respect to the day of termination. The notice should not be provided after the termination has been made. Section 358 of the FWA expressly provides that an employer is not allowed to dismiss or threatened to dismiss and employee so that the employee can be engaged in form of an independent contractor to do the same or comparatively same job with respect to a contract of services. In the case of Fair Work Ombudsman v Happy Cabby Pty Ltd Anor [2013] FCCA 397 record fine had been imposed by the court on the shuttle company with respect to the violation of provisions related to sham contracting as provided by the FWA which included the offences of failing to provide pay slips and underpayment. In the case of Fair Work Ombudsman v Northern Enterprises Pty Ltd [2013] FCCA 216 it was held by the court that even where the employee was made to enter under a contract of services, as the employer had control over the employee it accounted to sham contracting. The control test and the integration test are not very effective alone to determine the employment status of a person. Therefore in relation to the scenario the multifactor test would be used to analyzing the position of Davy in relation to ABC. In the provided situation it has been given that Davy was not clear to be he was contracted to after he was purported to be terminated from his position as an employee and ask to work for DEF. Although Davy was not mandatorily required to wear his uniform but he used to wear his uniform at work. In addition Davy used to use the Van provided by ABC in order to carry out his work. The work allocation of Davy was still provided by ABC along with the materials and tools required to complete his work. Therefore, through the application of the multi factor test as discussed above it can be provided that as Davy worked for ABC in exchange of remuneration, as work allocations and tools are provided by ABC to Davy it can be said that ABC had significant control over his work and as he used the van of ABC and mobile phone these also account to the terms of an employment contract. Therefore it can be provided that Davy is an employee of ABC not an independent contractor according to the provisi on of Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance case. In addition through the application of the provisions provided through the case of market investigations ltd v minister of social security, in relation to the multi-factor test it can further be strengthened that Davy is an employee of ABC and not a contractor. This can be said by referring to the factors provided by the case and the facts given in the situation of Davy. The case provides the person doing the work as an essential factor, where as it is provided that Davy had to do the cleaning work by his own. In addition the case provided whether the employee worked for the business or on his own account, in the given situation it is clear that Davy worked for the business and not his own account. Moreover Davy was provided the tools and equipment to carry n his duty by ABC which according to the principles of the case is a factor of being an employee. Although it was not mandatory for Davy to war his uniform one factor also is not enough to determine employment. In addition, according to common law and provisions of 117 of the FWA, ABC is required to give Davy a notice of termination before he can be dismissed from his employment.if not a notice as per section 117 Davy is entitled to a payment by ABC in lieu of the notice of termination. According to the above discussed section and cases on sham contracting it can be said that by asking Davy to and his employment and contract with DEF while doing the same job ABC have violated the provisions of section 358 of the FWA in relation to Sham contracting. Conclusions Davy is the employee of ABC and not a contractor has been determined through the application of the multifactor test provided by common law cases. ABC must give Davy a notice of termination in accordance to both the provision of common law as well as section 117 of the FWA. Action of ABC to engage Davy as a contractor to DEF by terminating his employment also accounted to sham contracting according to the provisions of section 358 of the FWA. References Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Fair Work Ombudsman v Happy Cabby Pty Ltd Anor [2013] FCCA 397 Fair Work Ombudsman v Northern Enterprises Pty Ltd [2013] FCCA 216 Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd [1960] UKPC 33 Market Investigations Ltd v Minister for Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497 Yewens v Noake (1881) 6 QBD 530

The History Of Women In Law Enforcement Essays -

The History of Women in Law Enforcement THESIS: Since first being implemented, policewomen have proven themselves to be extremely effective and essential elements of law enforcement, facing many inequalities along the way. While recent advances in equality have been made, law enforcement is still seen as a male-dominated field. If we are to see further progress in the equivalence of the field, it is important to continue to work for gender equality within our nation's policing institutions.

The Social Economic Implications of a Gasoline Crisis

The Social Economic Implications of a Gasoline Crisis Free Online Research Papers Background Gasoline has been around for ages and is the driving force for much of the world. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, although some contain significant quantities of ethanol. In its early days, gasoline was used as a cleaning agent and also as a treatment for lice. Gas became really important once the world started to get into the automobile and aviation period. Some of the first uses of gasoline in automobiles originated during the wars of the early 1900’s and is used everywhere in today’s age. Purpose The purpose of this report is to talk about the economic and social problems that are arising from the recent spike in gasoline prices. Also, it discusses what people can do to help fight against the continual rise in the cost of fuel. Methodology The internet is a tremendous source to use to gather information on a topic, and it proved extremely helpful in obtaining ideas on the problem being discussed in this report. The New York Times online, Wikipedia, Fox News online, and other databases were used to find out valuable information on the topic at hand. Significance Since gasoline is the driving force of the world, it is extremely important to keep and maintain the price of fuel at a reasonable level so that people can afford to drive their automobiles. II. Rising Gasoline Prices The number one reason for the sudden spike in gasoline prices can be easily contributed to the supply and demand curve. The demand for gasoline is up more than ever now, while the supply from the major companies in OPEC is not. According to some sources, the non OPEC countries’ supply of crude oil is dwindling, which is bad for the prices because they are not producing very much oil. This leads to a near monopoly in the oil production factor. Cheap oil, which runs around $60/barrel, may be gone. This summer the average price of a barrel of oil was around $120/barrel. This is a giant leap, a 200% increase, but it really isn’t as bad as it seems. A $120 barrel of oil is still a smaller fraction of the GDP than it was in the 1980’s. Even though many think that this price will shut down the entire world with their energy usage, they are in essence wrong. A major problem with the continual rise in fuel prices is its effect on the average American. The rising cost is putting a drain on a family’s money that could be used for entertainment. Most families live in more rural areas in the suburbs and have to drive a significant distance to travel to work. These long drives put a large drain on their gas tanks. This causes them to spend twice as much as it used to just to travel to work. This may not be as big of a problem as it seems, but these same parents are not getting a raise from work to make up for this deficit. They are not able to do they things as a family that they used to. Another factor that arises from the higher gas prices is the larger cost for the farmers to harvest their crops. A lot of people would not even think about this. They don’t look to the farmers as the producer of all of the items at the grocery store. The cost of fuel is a major factor in how much profit the farmer will make off of the crops that he or she raises. The farmer spends so much money to run their tractors, combines, semis, and trucks. A farmer that was recently interviewed stated that it was going to cost him over $20,000 more this fall to harvest his crops than it did the year before. The higher cost to harvest the crops leads to a direct impact on the cost of the products at the store. Companies have to pay more now to get the same amount of produce that they received originally. Not only does the produce cost more, but the cost of transporting theses goods is rising too. This leads to a direct price hike on the goods at the store. People wonder why they are paying more to go to the grocery than before and don’t understand it. They don’t see that the rise in fuel prices is accountable for a majority of the price increase. This leads to even more spending on families to provide the same food for them to eat. People are spending more money and not getting any more out of it. Not only do the rising gas prices put a damper on families, but it also hurts all transportation in general. Schools also have to spend more money just to drive their buses to pick up students from home, drive to athletic events, and also academic events. High gas prices hurt public transportation as well. They have to spend more to fill up their tanks just like everyone else. For them to keep making their same profits they have to raise the price of fares for citizens to travel with them. A person just can not expect to get the same services as before for the same price when the companies have to pay higher prices for fuel. If they were to do this, they would lose a significant amount of money. This in effect can lead them to going bankrupt after an extended amount of time. The same thing can be said about the airline industry and also tourist attractions. Their costs to operate continue to grow leading them to charge more for a plane ticket to help cover the costs. This then leads to people wanting to not travel as much, which in effect makes those companies lose the revenue that they are used to getting. With the loss of people traveling, the companies have to lay off more people all of the time to try and keep their profits up. II. Lowering Gas Prices There is some hope in sight for everyone. In the couple of months leading up to the election the gas prices have fallen significantly. This is a great relief to many people around the world. Lowering gas prices is a savior to many people. This will ultimately lead to folks having more money in their wallets. In the world today, this is a great thing with the credit crisis going on. So many homes have been foreclosed on due to financial means. This probably isn’t a solution to the problem, but it is a great start. Having more money will allow people to pay off these bills instead of not paying anything at all. The biggest help would be to lower income families and to small family-owned farms. These groups are the people just barely getting by as it is. With the increase in the gas prices it was putting an even larger strain on their already low incomes. Now they are taking a sigh of relief, at least for now. This lower fuel costs will possibly keep them afloat long enough until the government can get the prices under control. III. Who Is At Risk The bad thing about this dilemma is that it affects almost everyone in the world who uses an automobile for anything. Even if you do not use a car or truck for anything it will affect you in same way or another. Any person who drives a car is affected by the soaring gas prices. Whether you drive a long distance or just to the library. It is costing more and more to drive a vehicle. It is affecting many students here at Morehead State University too. Since this campus is like a suitcase college, students packing up and leaving every weekend to go home, it is putting a pinch on their pocketbooks as well. This in effect can actually be better for the campus and surrounding restaurants. With more kids staying around, it leads to them having more business on the weekends. Students will more than likely go out to these companies rather than sitting in their dorms all weekend. The rising gas prices can actually have a good effect on larger cities and metropolitan areas. If less people are out there driving, it will reduce traffic. This is a good thing resulting from the dilemma. With less traffic there is going to be a better chance of having fewer wrecks. Another benefit to less cars being on the road is pollution. There will be less exhaust fumes going up into the atmosphere. This is a great thing for the environment. IV. Conclusion The rising cost of gasoline is a major concern for the US and the World. Recent hikes in the cost of crude oil are having a tremendous impact on everyone. The group that is most vulnerable according to some is the farming industry. Everything that a farmer does with his farm has some use of gasoline involved, whether it is filling up their family cars or to filling their tractors and combines with diesel fuel. Diesel fuel costs around one dollar more per gallon than regular gasoline. People don’t think about all of the factors in the farm that involves gas and diesel fuel. If they are paying more to harvest their crop, then they will have to get more in return on their crops. This leads to a trickle effect onto all of the goods one will buy at the grocery store. As long as the prices stay high then it will be harder and harder for people to live in their comfortable bubble that they are used to living in. Gas prices do not affect only a small portion of society; it affects all. V. Recommendation The hike in gasoline prices has made many think of ways to reduce the impact of the problem. Here is a list of things that are currently happening to help fight the fuel price dilemma. 1. Hybrid cars are being produced and sold now more than ever before. A hybrid car is a basic car that has two different engines. It has the normal gasoline engine and also an electric motor. The hybrid car will run off of the electric motor as long as it is charged. Once the battery runs out it automatically switches over to the gas engine. A good thing about this is that once the gas engine takes over, it begins to charge the electric motor back to running capacity. A bad side to the hybrid car is that it costs significantly more than the average gas powered car, nearly double the price in some instances. It is not the best solution to the problem, but it is a start. 2. Another solution to the rising gas prices is more fuel efficient cars. Most of the big auto makers offer a car that can get 35-40 mpg. The problem with this is that most of these cars are a lot smaller and do not have the large capacity that the SUV owners are accustomed to. 3. A third solution is bio fuels. These are a whole different type of fuel. These include bio-diesel, hydrogen, and vegetable oil. A good thing about these fuels is that they are cheaper to run and also help the environment. They burn much cleaner than a normal gas powered car or truck. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alternative Fuel. Wikipedia. 16 Dec. 2006. 18 Nov. 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel Ashton, Peter K. (2007). The method behind endless gasoline price spikes. Nieman Watchdog. niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=background.viewbackgroundid=187 Dunn, Phillip. Hybrid CarsPros and Cons. Physorg. 19 Jan. 2006. 16 Nov. 2008 physorg.com/news10031.html. Krauss, Clifford. (2008). Rural US Takes Worse Hit as Gas Tops $4 Average. The New York Times Online. nytimes.com/2008/06/09/business/09gas.html?_r=1scp=15sq=gasoline%20crisisst=nyt Lawinski, Jennifer. OPEC Cuts Oil Production in Move to Boost Prices. FoxNews. 24 Oct. 2008. 15 Nov. 2008 . McKay, Steve. High Fuel Prices Effects on Farming. Telephone interview. 10 Oct. 2008. Why Are Gas Prices So High ? ZFacts. 3 Dec. 2007. 15 Nov. 2008

Why do teens use self-injury as a coping mechanism Research Paper

Why do teens use self-injury as a coping mechanism - Research Paper Example It is a fact that as the materialism and modernism are increasing at a fast face all over the globe, the probability of self-injury is also mounting at an astounding pace in the teens. Myriad critical reasons form the bedrock of the self-abusing tendency in teens and a complex and intricate meshwork of crude realities needs to be scrutinized for identifying the major factors. These factors should explain the reason why more and more teenagers are readily seeking refuge in self-injury mechanism. People are oblivious to many distressing realities concerning this issue and this paper is basically an effort to highlight the relation between problems faced by teenagers and increased tendency of self-abusing. Facts and discussion presented in this paper are basically meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"more and more teenagers are using self-injury as a coping mechanism because they are unable to relate their aggravated problems to their parents, peers, or teachers beca use of poor self-esteems, low morals, and continuous feelings of guilt and shame.†... It is an unequivocal fact that depression is highly capable of paralyzing one’s thinking, self-assessing, and comprehending abilities. Therefore, one finds oneself eventually trapped in a tight spot where one can neither hear any voice from the outside world that is normal nor translate the inner rushed and psychic emotions that are abnormal into something that could be understood by the people surrounding that person. An increased number of teenagers are selecting self-harm as a way of emotional projection in the hope of coping with horribly bizarre feelings of numbness, shame, regret and for punishing themselves for certain past failures. 3. Inability of parents and teachers to help teenagers increases self-harm incidence: Self-harm is a horrendous and powerful reality that affects all teenagers irrespective of social, racial, ethnic, or economic differences. It is an issue of concern around the globe that what majorly makes most of the distressed and disappointed teenagers seek refuge in self-harm in spite of the presence of parents at homes and teachers at schools. Research suggests that teenagers engage in self-destructive behavior because they find it increasingly difficult to relate their gross problems with their parents as the depression intensifies. With ever-heightening materialistic approach, most of the parents are unable to share more time with their families due to which, teenagers find it impossible to verbally communicate the nature of their problems in the short time their parents spare them. Nearly same is the scenario experienced by such depressed and anguished teenagers at the schools, where owing to increased cultural diversity and number of students, teachers are unable to relate to all the students

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU Essay

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU - Essay Example In the last 20 years the issue of migration of third world citizens to the European countries has gained particular importance and the member states of the European Union have shown special concern to the matter. The first such move to address the matter was taken in the early 1990's with the treaty of Amsterdam which was first such move of the European Council taken in order to safeguard the social and political rights of third country nationals within the Europe. Such a move along with the ongoing efforts in trying to curtail the immigration in the Europe and tightening the Immigration and Asylum policies was conceived by many observers a stride towards a new culture that will be tolerant, supportive and nondiscriminatory towards the immigrants. Consequently the European Council met in 1999 and drafted a set of procedures at Tampere that guaranteed political rights and a treatment to the third world citizens that would be analogous to EU nationals. The main aim of the conference was to design an integrated policy for the entire European Union. Despite these efforts to homogenize the policies regarding the assimilation of the third world national a number of imperative decisions regarding the employment and other important economic and social aspects were left with the member states and this marked for the insufficiency of the measures to a great extent. One of the factors underlining the varying responses amongst the Europeans has been the d iscrepancy in the level of exposure to the immigrants. Certain have developed a great deal of deal of acumen regarding the issue through continuous interaction with the immigrant inflow for over a long time as compared to these nations a few of the EU member states have only lately been faced with immigration. This factor has resulted in a wide variety of approaches to find a resolution to the matter. As the percentage of the non-Europeans increases and with the every chance of further enhancement in the number the need for a regulated and uniform effort becomes more than significant. Moreover to eliminate the possible threats of discrimination, social exclusion, xenophobia and racism it is extremely vital to make a concerted effort to develop an effective set of policies and procedures regarding the integration of the third country inhabitants. What is Integration This has been subject that has been dealt with respect to a number of principal subject areas including sociology, mathematics and a number of other sciences. Often it has been defined as a term but very seldom has it been looked upon as a concept. Integration as a concept in the context of this subject has been defined as a dynamic, multidimensional process that incorporates mutual socioeconomic, political, legal and cultural accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States of the European Union. The basic aim behind the introduction of the phenomenon is to assimilate a universal culture within Europe and to train the third world nationals in the local language, norms, values and to develop them as a permanent fragment, notwithstanding of the color, of the European Society. Importance of Integration to the EU member states Democracy and equality have been popular slogans of the West in the latter part of the 20th century. Realizing that equal contribution by all parties is at the heart of democracy and that

Transformational leadership on World health care Essay Example for Free

Transformational leadership on World health care Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transformational leadership can be defined and utilized based on specific or relative circumstances in many varied ways. For one, it can be assessed as the task of simply increasing the efficiency of everyone through a scheme of excellence for the whole company or the improvement of the morale of an individual employee. The main assumption behind this approach is that when employees of a certain company or organization are working their tasks efficiently, the amount and quality of work done are proportionally affected. In essence, employees that are more efficient translate into far greater options and larger benefits. The correlation is thus an important aspect in the leadership skills of the heads of various companies and organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the most part, transformational leadership can be used as a tool not only in analyzing the crucial aspects of world health care but also in directly addressing the cases that shape the totality of the events related to the broad scope of global health care. The complexities involved in the cross-continental management and maintenance of the multitude of interrelated functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The task of meeting the multiple health care services across the different parts of the world that direly need immediate action calls forth an approach whereby the functioning of the wide number of health care service providers are efficiently met. Transformational leadership, following its basic principle, offers means in which the tasks required in addressing world health care are met. Noting further that transformational leadership aptly disperses the capabilities of the employees and, consequently, the different departments or institutions that comprise the whole of the company, the application of this approach on the various issues that are involved in the global arena of health care may eventually help alleviate the global challenge attached to world health care. A look into transformational leadership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transformational leadership, in essence, signifies the role of the â€Å"leader† in directing the rest of his or her subordinates in a fitting manner that will bring about favorable results to the functioning of every employee, department, and of the whole company in the process. However, the apparent effect of the role of the leader on the subordinates in the company can be further observed and analyzed from a closer examination on what makes a leader able to affect his subordinates apart from the boss-subordinate relationship (Antonakis House, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One aspect that separates transformational leadership a cut above the rest is that it defines the extent to which a leader is seen as charismatic to his subordinates. The core principle behind this is that leaders should treat their subordinates or employees as individuals who are also capable of thinking for themselves, or individuals who are intellectually stimulating (Tichy Devanna, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By treating the lower â€Å"ranks† or departments of the company as entities capable of actually affecting the intellectual direction of the company, the employees will not merely serve as passive elements in the upbringing of the company but as active elements capable of pouring into that intellectual basin their knowledge on the affairs of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result will be that the efforts of the leader in guiding the direction of the company will be amplified since the employees are treated in a manner in which they are involved in the critical processes. Moreover, a good leader will bring about a heightened sense of life into the company. The role of transformational leadership in world health care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World health care has been a primary concern among the international community for the past few years. Many factors are attributed to the growing concern over the issues that are directly related to the problems that beset world health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the various countries that are in deep need of health care, those that belong to the third-world countries are most notable. Inasmuch as these countries lack the internal capacity to finance and support a growing demand for health care, these nations also have a relatively low means in achieving at least good health for a small fraction of the population. A very limited number of infrastructures and programs that are aimed at addressing the health care issues of these nations amplify the drastic situation even more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the point wherein the international community has resorted to measures that will seek to address the current health issues that beset the citizens of countries suffering from low-health maintenance. For the most part, the international community has joined efforts in seeking out the best possible means in resolving these global health issues. The consequent effect to this is the creation of various international institutions that operate on the local levels of various countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the operations of these global institutions are tilted on a multitude of local areas, it is apparent that a number of workers are seen to be handling these local operations. In this light, the role of a transitional leadership is needed to take its shape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By having a transitional leadership in the management of all the affairs taken by the various institutions, the possibility of having a full line of efficient institutions can take place. That is, by treating all the employees who will handle the tasks relative to the specific institutions in these international health offices as individuals capable of contributing to the think-tank process, the process will be further stimulated. These individuals, as partakers in the critical thinking process, are further empowered and acquire a higher role in the global effort of resolving world health care issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the local level, these working individuals can be further guided according to the tasks by relegating a leader whose charisma gives positive effects to the working attitude and philosophy of the employees. Thus, the implementation of health policies from these various international institutions becomes an easy and efficient task in the case where employees have little or no defiance to the implementation of the tasks. Conclusion Far more importantly, transitional leadership allows the development of the employees in terms of their personal growth and in their working attitude. It contributes the international efforts in resolving the issues that beset world health care inasmuch as the international community operates on the local level or in the localities with poor health conditions, especially in communities belonging to the third-world countries. References Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2001). Transformational Leadership. In B. J. Avolio F. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership (pp. 3-66): JAI Press. Bhargava, S. (2003). Transformational Leadership: Value Based Management for Indian Organizations: Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd. Ginter, P. M., Duncan, W. J., Sappington, A. A., Swayne, L. E. (2005). Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations (5 ed.): Blackwell Publishing Incorporated. Porter, M. E., Teisberg, E. O. (2006). Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results (1 ed.): Harvard Business School Press. Tichy, N. M., Devanna, M. A. (2001). The Themes, The Protagonists, The Transformational Drama. In Transformational Leader (2 ed., pp. 8): Wiley.

The Evil of Richard the Third :: essays research papers

The Evil of Richard III Shakespeare Richard III was a traitor, a murderer, a tyrant, and a hypocrite. The leading characteristics of his mind are scorn, sarcasm, and an overwhelming contempt. It appears that the contempt for his victims rather than active hatred or cruelty was the motive for murdering them. Upon meeting him he sounds the keynote to his whole character. " I, that am curtailed of this proportion, cheated of feature by dissembling nature, Deform'd, unfinish'd sent before my time Into this word scarce half made up"( 1.1.20-23) The first scene of the play begins with a soliloquy, which emphasizes Richard's physical isolation as he appears alone as he speaks to is audience. The idea of physical isolation is heightened by his references to his deformity such as "rudely stamped ....Cheated of feature by dissembling Nature, deformed unfinished". "( 1.1.21-22). This deformity would be an outward indication to his audience of the disharmony from Nature and viciousness of his spirit. As he hated "the idle pleasure of these days" and speaks of his plots to sent one brother against another, Richard seems socially apart from the figures around him, and perhaps regarded as an outsider or ostracized because of his deformity. His separation his family is emphasized when he says "Dive, thoughts down to my soul"(1.1.41) when he sees his brother approaching. He is unable to share his thought with his own family as he is plotting against them. Thus, we are given hints of his physical, social and spiritual isolation which is developed throughout the play. But despite these hints, he still refers to himself as part of the House of York, shown in the repeated use of "Our" The task which Shakespeare undertook was to mold the hateful constitution of Richard's Moral; character. Richard had to contend with the prejudices arising from his bodily deformity which was considered an indication of the depravity and wickedness of his nature. Richard's ambitious nature, his elastic intellect, and his want of faith in goodness conspire to produce his tendency to despise and degrade every surrounding being and object, even as his own person. He is never sincere except when he is about to commit a murder. "therefore, since I can not prove a lover, To entertain these fair well spoken days, I am determined to be a villain".As a villain Richard must be heartless, he can not let his emotions interfere with his actions.

Historical Development in the Field of Toxicology

Historical Development in the Field of Toxicology And Mechanisms and Factors Responsible for the Entrance of Toxicants in the Human body and their Harmful Effects Jorge D. Rebolledo Columbia Southern University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to make a short historical reference in the field of Toxicology and how this area of science has develop starting from centuries ago until our present. It is also the intention of this paper to explain how the toxics enter our body, how they are absorbed and the mechanisms responsible for that. Introduction As stated by E. Monosson, some define Toxicology as the study of toxic materials, including the clinical, industrial, economic, and legal problems associated with them. Although toxicology—as a formally recognized scientific discipline—is relatively new (with major developments in the mid-1900s), the science itself is thousands of years old. Consider the potential results of early trial and error experiences of hunter-gatherers for whom identifying a toxic plant or animal was a life or death situation. Some of the most poisonous substances known today are naturally produced chemicals including ricin from castor beans or tetrodotoxin from the puffer fish. Early humankinds’ careful observations of such plants or animals with toxic characteristics as frogs, containing curare, were put to use not only for avoidance of toxic substances but for weaponry as well. Many naturally-derived poisons were likely used for hunting, as medicinal (the Egyptians were aware of many such toxic substances as lead, opium and hemlock as early as 1500 BCE). Use extended eventually to political poisonings as practiced, for example, by the early Greeks and Romans. With time, poisons became widely used and with great sophistication. Notable poisoning victims include Socrates, Cleopatra, and Claudius. One of the more interesting stories resulting from a combination of both ancient history and current toxicological research, is the story of King Mithridates, king of Pontus (120-63 BC) who according to toxicology legend was so afraid that he might be a casualty of political poisoning, is said to have concocted a potion from a great number of herbs for his own consumption. It is believed he understood that by consuming small amounts of potential poisons, he might protect himself from any would-be poisoner. That is, he believed in the effectiveness of hormesis. Apparently, his plans worked so well that he gained a name for himself as one so mighty he could not be killed. Unfortunately, it is said that when circumstances were such that he desired to kill himself, he was unable to do so by ingesting poison and had to be run through by a sword instead. Whether or not the story is true, it has led current day scientists to speculate upon the ingredients of his potion. It is believed that some herbs that he may have used, for example, St. Johns Wort could truly have contributed to detoxification of some other poisons. Recent studies have demonstrated that St. Johns Wort (often used as an herbal remedy) can increase the metabolism or breakdown of certain drugs and chemicals. This early story of toxicology relates a very important concept—that all animals have some kind of intrinsic ability for detoxifying a number of naturally-occurring toxicants in small doses (so that, in some cases low doses of chemicals may pass through the body without causing harm. From this we derive the concept of a chemical threshold), and that these processes can be altered by exposure to other chemicals. The question remains as to how adept animals, including humans, are at detoxifying many of the newer industrial chemicals or mixtures of industrial or industrial and natural chemicals. Additionally, it is well known that in some cases, detoxification of chemicals can produce even more toxic compounds. Pre-Industrial Toxicology As declared by E. Monosson, as humans sought to better understand natural compounds that were both beneficial and harmful to them, there was very little if any clear understanding of the fundamental chemical nature of substances. That is, there was no connection between the ‘extract’ and ‘essence’ of a poisonous plant or animal and any one particular chemical that might cause toxicity. In fact, an awareness of chemistry in its modern form did not occur until around the mid to late 1600s. Paracelsus, a physician from the sixteenth century and one of the early â€Å"Fathers of Toxicology† believed that all matter was composed of three â€Å"primary bodies† (sulfur, salt, and mercury). Yet, Paracelsus also coined the now famous maxim of the newly emerging discipline of toxicology: â€Å"All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy. † (Paracelsus, 1493-1541) This phrase and Paracelsus’ name are committed to memory by hundreds of new toxicology students each year and has become the ‘motto’ of toxicology. Interestingly, if one takes Paracelsus at face value, it appears that in this quote he was referring to substances which served as potential remedies but could be poisonous if taken in high enough concentrations. Most of us are aware of the fact that overdosing can turn remedies to poisons, even with such apparently innocuous drugs as aspirin and Tylenol. Another branch on the toxicology family tree that developed in the sixteenth century, along with the study of drugs and the use of chemicals in hunting and warfare, was occupational toxicology. As humans learned how to remove and exploit such materials as coal, and metals and other minerals, occupational exposures to these chemical substances (and chemicals produced incidentally) resulted. Scientists eventually recognized the linkages among illnesses and exposures to these compounds. Some of the first reports of occupational illness, or diseases caused by activities related to specific occupations, can be found in literature from the mid- to late-1500s. Early occupational observations include the ill effects from lead mining and madness caused by mercury exposure (for example, the saying â€Å"mad as a hatter† was attributed to the common use of mercury in the hat felting process). Later, in the 1700s, Bernardino Ramazzini is credited with bringing to light diseases of tradesmen, including silicosis in stone workers and lead poisoning. In the late 1700s, Sir Percival Potts made one of the more famous observations in toxicology, linking an occupational exposure (in this case soot in chimney sweeps) to cancer of the scrotum. At this point we have discussed the pre-Industrial Revolution developments in toxicology, that were primarily devoted to the study of such naturally-occurring toxicants as the polyaromatic compounds contained in soot and heavy metals, and such toxins as botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Toxicology and the Chemical and Industrial Revolution The chemical/Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century released many naturally-occurring chemicals into the environment in unprecedented amounts. Also, it produced and released new substances unlike any that had existed in the natural world. With the production and use of these chemicals, and the need to protect humans from the toxic effects of industrial chemicals, toxicology eventually evolved to include its modern day branches: pharmacology, pesticide toxicology, general toxicology, and occupational toxicology. Towards the mid-late 20th century, environmental toxicology was developed to specifically address the effects on both humans and wildlife of chemicals released into the environment. A notable difference among the branches of toxicology is that pharmacology, pesticides and even occupational toxicology primarily have focused on the effects of relatively high concentrations of single chemicals. This compares to the relatively low concentrations of several different chemicals or chemical mixtures that are relevant to environmental toxicology. The chemicals considered by the earlier branches of toxicology were, and are, a known quantity. That is, the research was designed to address questions about specific, well-characterized chemicals, exposure conditions, and even concentration ranges rather than complex chemical mixtures. For example, pharmacologists might work with a particular active ingredient (e. g. , salicylic acid or aspirin), and be confident about the route of exposure (oral) and the concentration or dose. This is seldom the case in environmental toxicology, and hazardous waste assessment and cleanup in particular, where chemicals often are present in mixtures, routes of exposure may vary (for example, from oral to dermal to inhalation). Significantly, exposure concentrations prove difficult to determine. Mechanisms and Factors Responsible for the Entrance of Toxicants in the Human body and their Harmful Effects Absorption of toxicants Absorption is the process whereby toxicants gain entrance to the body. Ingested and inhaled materials, nonetheless, are considered outside the body until they cross the cellular barriers of the gastrointestinal tract or the respiratory system. To exert an effect on internal organs a toxicant must be absorbed, although such local toxicity as irritation, may occur. Absorption varies greatly with specific chemicals and with the route of exposure. For skin, oral or respiratory exposure, the exposure dose (or, â€Å"outside† dose) is usually only a fraction of the absorbed dose (that is, the internal dose). For substances injected or implanted directly into the body, exposure dose is the same as the absorbed or internal dose. Several factors affect the likelihood that a foreign chemical or, xenobiotic, will be absorbed. According to E. Monosson, the most important are: †¢ Route of exposure Concentration of the substance at the site of contact †¢ Chemical and physical properties of the substance The relative roles of concentration and properties of the substance vary with the route of exposure. In some cases, a high percentage of a substance may not be absorbed from one route whereas a low amount may be absorbed via another route. For example, very little DDT powder will penetrate the skin whereas a high percentage will be absorbed when it is swallowed. Due to such route-specific differences in absorption, xenobiotics are often ranked for hazard in accordance with the route of exposure. A substance may be categorized as relatively non-toxic by one route and highly toxic via another route. The primary routes of exposure by which xenobiotics can gain entry into the body are: †¢ Gastrointestinal tract: Key in environmental exposure to food and water contaminants and is the most important route for many pharmaceuticals. †¢ Respiratory tract: Key in environmental and occupational exposure to aerial toxicants and some drugs that use this route (i. e. : inhalers). †¢ Skin: Also an environmental and occupational exposure route. A lot of medicines are applied to the skin directly. Other routes of exposure—used primarily for specific medical purposes—are: †¢ Injections (IV, Subcutaneous, Intradermal, Intrathecal) basically used for medications. †¢ Implants (Hormone patches) †¢ Conjunctival instillations (Eye drops) †¢ Suppositories For a toxic to enter the body (as well as move within, and leave the body) it must pass across cell membranes (cell walls). Cell membranes are formidable barriers and major body defenses that prevent foreign invaders or substances from gaining entry into body tissues. Normally, cells in solid tissues (for example, skin or mucous membranes of the lung or intestine) are so tightly compacted that substances cannot pass between them. Entry, therefore, requires that the xenobiotic have some capability to penetrate cell membranes. Also, the substance must cross several membranes in order to go from one area of the body to another. In essence, for a substance to move through one cell requires that it first move across the cell membrane into the cell, pass across the cell, and then cross the cell membrane again in order to leave the cell. This is true whether the cells are in the skin, the lining of a blood vessel, or an internal organ (for example, the liver). In many cases, in order for a substance to reach its site of toxic action, it must pass through several membrane barriers. Cell membranes surround all body cells and are basically similar in structure. They consist of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged like a â€Å"sandwich† and also known as â€Å"phospholipid bilayer†. Each phospholipid molecule consists of a phosphate head and a lipid tail. The phosphate head is polar so it is hydrophilic (attracted to water). In contrast, the lipid tail is lipophilic (attracted to lipid-soluble substances). The two phospholipid layers are oriented on opposing sides of the membrane so that they are approximate mirror images of each other. The polar heads face outward and the lipid tails inward. The cell membrane is tightly packed with these phospholipid molecules—interspersed with various proteins and cholesterol molecules. Some proteins span across the entire membrane providing for the formation of aqueous channels or pores. Some toxicants move across a membrane barrier with relative ease while others find it difficult or impossible. Those that can cross the membrane, do so by one of two general methods: either passive transfer or facilitated transport. Passive transfer consists of simple diffusion (or osmotic filtration) and is â€Å"passive† in that there is no requirement for cellular energy or assistance. Some toxicants cannot simply diffuse across the membrane. They require assistance that is facilitated by specialized transport mechanisms. The primary types of specialized transport mechanisms are: †¢ Facilitated diffusion †¢ Active transport †¢ Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis). Passive transfer is the most common way that xenobiotics cross cell membranes. Two factors determine the rate of passive transfer: †¢ Differences in concentrations of the substance on opposite sides of the membrane (substance moves from a region of high concentration to one having a lower concentration. Diffusion will continue until the concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane); and †¢ Ability of the substance to move either through the small pores in the membrane or through the lipophilic interior of the membrane. Properties of the chemical substance that affect its ability for passive transfer are: †¢ Lipid solubility Molecular size †¢ Degree of ionization (that is, the electrical charge of an atom) Substances with high lipid solubility readily diffuse through the phospholipid membrane. Small water-soluble molecules can pass across a membrane through the aqueous pores, along with normal intracellular water flow. Large water-soluble molecules usually cannot make it through the small pores, although some may diffuse through the l ipid portion of the membrane, but at a slow rate. In general, highly ionized chemicals have low lipid solubility and pass with difficulty through the lipid membrane. Most aqueous pores are about 4 angstrom (A) in size and allow chemicals of molecular weight 100-200 to pass through. Exceptions are membranes of capillaries and kidney glomeruli that have relatively large pores (about 40A) that allow molecules up to a molecular weight of about 50,000 (molecules slightly smaller than albumen which has a molecular weight of 60,000) to pass through. Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that it does not require energy and follows a concentration gradient. The difference is that it is a carrier-mediated transport mechanism. The results are similar to passive transport but faster and capable of moving larger molecules that have difficulty diffusing through the membrane without a carrier. Examples are the transport of sugar and amino acids into red blood cells (RBCs), and into the central nervous system (CNS). Some substances are unable to move with diffusion, unable to dissolve in the lipid layer, and are too large to pass through the aqueous channels. For some of these substances, active transport processes exist in which movement through the membrane may be against the concentration gradient: they move from low to higher concentrations. Cellular energy from adenosine triphosphate (ADP) is required in order to accomplish this. The transported substance can move from one side of the membrane to the other side by this energy process. Active transport is important in the transport of xenobiotics into the liver, kidney, and central nervous system and for maintenance of electrolyte and nutrient balance. Many large molecules and particles cannot enter cells via passive or active mechanisms. However, some may enter, by a process known as endocytosis. In endocytosis, the cell surrounds the substance with a section of its cell wall. This engulfed substance and section of membrane then separates from the membrane and moves into the interior of the cell. The two main forms of endocytosis are phagocytosis and pinocytosis. In phagocytosis (cell eating), large particles suspended in the extracellular fluid are engulfed and either transported into cells or are destroyed within the cell. This is a very important process for lung phagocytes and certain liver and spleen cells. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) is a similar process but involves the engulfing of liquids or very small particles that are in suspension within the extracellular fluid. Gastrointestinal Tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, the major portion of the alimentary canal) can be viewed as a tube going through the body. Its contents are considered exterior to the body until absorbed. Salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas are considered accessory glands of the GI tract as they have ducts entering the GI tract and secrete enzymes and other substances. For foreign substances to enter the body, they must pass through the gastrointestinal mucosa, crossing several membranes before entering the blood stream. Substances must be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in order to exert a systemic toxic effect, although local gastrointestinal damage may occur. Absorption can occur at any place along the entire gastrointestinal tract. However, the degree of absorption is strongly site dependent. Three main factors affect absorption within the various sites of the gastrointestinal tract: †¢ Type of cells at the specific site †¢ Period of time that the substance remains at the site †¢ pH of stomach or intestinal contents at the site. Under normal conditions, xenobiotics are poorly absorbed within the mouth and esophagus, due mainly to the very short time that a substance resides within these portions of the gastrointestinal tract. There are some notable exceptions. For example, nicotine readily penetrates the mouth mucosa. Also, nitroglycerin is placed under the tongue (sublingual) for immediate absorption and treatment of heart conditions. The sublingual mucosa under the tongue and in some other areas of the mouth is thin and highly vascularized so that some substances will be rapidly absorbed. The stomach, having high acidity (pH 1-3), is a significant site for absorption of weak organic acids, which exist in a diffusible, nonionized and lipid-soluble form. In contrast, weak bases will be highly ionized and therefore are absorbed poorly. Chemically, the acidic stomach may break down some substances. For this reason those substances must be administered in gelatin capsules or coated tablets, that can pass through the acidic stomach into the intestine before they dissolve and release their contents. Another determinant that affects the amount of a substance that will be absorbed in the stomach is the presence of food. Food ingested at the same time as the xenobiotic may result in a considerable difference in absorption of the xenobiotic. For example, the LD50 for Dimethline (a respiratory stimulant) in rats is 30 mg/kg (or 30 parts per million) when ingested along with food, but only 12 mg/kg when it is administered to fasting rats. The greatest absorption of chemicals, as with nutrients, takes place in the intestine, particularly in the small intestine (see Figure 9). The intestine has a large surface area consisting of outward projections of the thin (one-cell thick) mucosa into the lumen of the intestine (the villi). This large surface area facilitates diffusion of substances across the cell membranes of the intestinal mucosa. Since the intestinal pH is near neutral (pH 5-8), both weak bases and weak acids are nonionized and are usually readily absorbed by passive diffusion. Lipid soluble, small molecules effectively enter the body from the intestine by passive diffusion. In addition to passive diffusion, facilitated and active transport mechanisms exist to move certain substances across the intestinal cells into the body, including such essential nutrients as glucose, amino acids and calcium. Also, strong acids, strong bases, large molecules, and metals (and some important toxins) are transported by these mechanisms. For example, lead, thallium, and paraquat (herbicide) are toxicants that are transported across the intestinal wall by active transport systems. The high degree of absorption of ingested xenobiotics is also due to the slow movement of substances through the intestinal tract. This slow passage increases the length of time that a compound is available for absorption at the intestinal membrane barrier. Intestinal microflora and gastrointestinal enzymes can affect the toxicity of ingested substances. Some ingested substances may be only poorly absorbed but they may be biotransformed within the gastrointestinal tract. In some cases, their biotransformed products may be absorbed and be more toxic than the ingested substance. An important example is the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines from non-carcinogenic amines by intestinal flora. Very little absorption takes place in the colon and rectum. As a general rule, if a xenobiotic has not been absorbed after passing through the stomach or small intestine, very little further absorption will occur. However, there are some exceptions, as some medicines may be administered as rectal suppositories with significant absorption. An example, is Anusol (hydrocortisone preparation) used for treatment of local inflammation which is partially absorbed (about 25%). Respiratory Tract Many environmental and occupational agents as well as some pharmaceuticals are inhaled and enter the respiratory tract. Absorption can occur at any place within the upper respiratory tract. However, the amount of a particular xenobiotic that can be absorbed at a specific location is highly dependent upon its physical form and solubility. There are three basic regions to the respiratory tract: †¢ Nasopharyngeal region †¢ Tracheobronchial region †¢ Pulmonary region By far the most important site for absorption is the pulmonary region consisting of the very small airways (bronchioles) and the alveolar sacs of the lung. The alveolar region has a very large surface area (about 50 times that of the skin). In addition, the alveoli consist of only a single layer of cells with very thin membranes that separate the inhaled air from the blood stream. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases pass readily through this membrane. In contrast to absorption via the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin, gases and particles, which are water-soluble (and thus blood soluble), will be absorbed more efficiently from the lung alveoli. Water-soluble gases and liquid aerosols can pass through the alveolar cell membrane by simple passive diffusion. In addition to solubility, the ability to be absorbed is highly dependent on the physical form of the agent (that is, whether the agent is a gas/vapor or a particle). The physical form determines penetration into the deep lung. A gas or vapor can be inhaled deep into the lung and if it has high solubility in the blood, it is almost completely absorbed in one respiration. Absorption through the alveolar membrane is by passive diffusion, following the concentration gradient. As the agent dissolves in the circulating blood, it is taken away so that the amount that is absorbed and enters the body may be quite large. The only way to increase the amount absorbed is to increase the rate and depth of breathing. This is known as ventilation-limitation. For blood-soluble gases, equilibrium between the concentration of the agent in the inhaled air and that in the blood is difficult to achieve. Inhaled gases or vapors, which have poor solubility in the blood, have quite limited capacity for absorption. The reason for this is that the blood can become quickly saturated. Once saturated, blood will not be able to accept the gas and it will remain in the inhaled air and then exhaled. The only way to increase absorption would be to increase the rate of blood supply to the lung. This is known as flow-limitation. Equilibrium between blood and the air is reached more quickly for relatively insoluble gases than for soluble gases. The absorption of airborne particles is usually quite different from that of gases or vapors. The absorption of solid particles, regardless of solubility, is dependent upon particle size. Large particles (>5  µM) are generally deposited in the nasopharyngeal region ((head airways region) with little absorption. Particles 2-5  µM can penetrate into the tracheobronchial region. Very small particles (

The Wonders Of Modern Science And Astronomy - 1581 Words

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